Research Article
Abdi, H., and Williams, L.J. (2010). “Principal component analysis.” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 433-459.
10.1002/wics.101Aboderin, I.A., and Beard, J.R. (2015). “Older people's health in sub-Saharan Africa.” The Lancet, Vol. 385, No. 9968, pp. e9-e11.
10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61602-0Ahmadalipour, A., and Moradkhani, H. (2018). “Multi-dimensional assessment of drought vulnerability in Africa: 1960-2100.” Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 644, pp. 520-535.
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.023Ahmadalipour, A., Moradkhani, H., Castelletti, A., and Magliocca, N. (2019). “Future drought risk in Africa: Integrating vulnerability, climate change, and population growth.” Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 662, pp. 672-686.
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.278Battisti, D.S., and Naylor, R.L. (2009). “Historical warnings of future food insecurity with unprecedented seasonal heat.” Science, Vol. 323, No. 5911, pp. 240-244.
10.1126/science.1164363Bell, D., and Jayne, M. (2009). “Small cities? Towards a research agenda.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 683-699.
10.1111/j.1468-2427.2009.00886.xBlauhut, V., Stahl, K., Stagge, J.H., Tallaksen, L.M., De Stefano, L., and Vogt, J. (2016). “Estimating drought risk across Europe from reported drought impacts, drought indices, and vulnerability factors.” Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, Vol. 20, No. 7, pp. 2779-2800.
10.5194/hess-20-2779-2016Brüntrup, M., and Tsegai, D. (2017). Drought adaptation and resilience in developing countries (No. 23/2017). Briefing Paper, Bonn, Germany, pp. 1-4.
Buys, D.R., Robertson, M.N., and Green, J.J. (2023). “The aging agricultural workforce: Opportunities for policy development and intervention.” Public Policy & Aging Report, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 105-110.
10.1093/ppar/prad015Chen, T., and Guestrin, C. (2016). “Xgboost: A scalable tree boosting system.” In Proceedings of the 22nd Acm Sigkdd International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, San Francisco, CA, U.S., pp. 785-794.
10.1145/2939672.2939785Choi, H., and Shin, D. (2020). “Lessons from public attitudes toward water management and drought in South Korea and California, USA.” Journal of Climate Change Research, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 297-309.
10.15531/KSCCR.2020.11.4.297Cohen, S.A., and Greaney, M.L. (2023). “Aging in rural communities.” Current Epidemiology Reports, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1-16.
10.1007/s40471-022-00313-936404874PMC9644394Cooper, M.W., Brown, M.E., Hochrainer-Stigler, S., Pflug, G., McCallum, I., Fritz, S., Silva, J., and Zvoleff, A. (2019). “Mapping the effects of drought on child stunting.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 116, No. 35, pp. 17219- 17224.
10.1073/pnas.190522811631405971PMC6717288Cremades, R., Sanchez-Plaza, A., Hewitt, R.J., Mitter, H., Baggio, J.A., Olazabal, M., Broekman, A., Kropf, B., and Tudose, N.C. (2021). “Guiding cities under increased droughts: The limits to sustainable urban futures.” Ecological Economics, Vol. 189, 107140.
10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107140De Silva, M.M.G.T., and Kawasaki, A. (2018). “Socioeconomic vulnerability to disaster risk: a case study of flood and drought impact in a rural Sri Lankan community.” Ecological Economics, Vol. 152, pp. 131-140.
10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.05.010Desbureaux, S., and Rodella, A.S. (2019). “Drought in the city: the economic impact of water scarcity in Latin American metropolitan areas.” World Development, Vol. 114, pp. 13-27.
10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.09.026Dumitraşcu, M., Mocanu, I., Mitrică, B., Dragotă, C., Grigorescu, I., and Dumitrică, C. (2018). “The assessment of socio-economic vulnerability to drought in Southern Romania (Oltenia Plain).” International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, Vol. 27, pp. 142-154.
10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.09.049Eriksen, S.H., and O’brien, K. (2007). “Vulnerability, poverty and the need for sustainable adaptation measures.” Climate Policy, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 337-352.
10.1080/14693062.2007.9685660Frame, D.J., Rosier, S.M., Noy, I., Harrington, L.J., Carey-Smith, T., Sparrow, S.N., Stone, D.A., and Dean, S.M. (2020). “Climate change attribution and the economic costs of extreme weather events: a study on damages from extreme rainfall and drought.” Climatic Change, Vol. 162, pp. 781-797.
10.1007/s10584-020-02729-yFrischen, J., Meza, I., Rupp, D., Wietler, K., and Hagenlocher, M. (2020). “Drought risk to agricultural systems in Zimbabwe: A spatial analysis of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability.” Sustainability, Vol. 12, No. 3, 752.
10.3390/su12030752Gao, L., Ye, C., and Zhuang, L. (2024). “Are medium-sized cities in China shrinking from 2010 to 2020? An empirical analysis with a multi-dimensional model.” Land, Vol. 13, No. 11, 1865.
10.3390/land13111865Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) (2012). United States, accessed 1 January 2025, <https://opendri.org/>.
Greenhill, J., King, D., Lane, A., and MacDougall, C. (2009). “Understanding resilience in South Australian farm families.” Rural Society, Vol. 19. No. 4, pp. 318-325.
10.5172/rsj.351.19.4.318Haase, A., Rink, D., Grossmann, K., Bernt, M., and Mykhnenko, V. (2014). “Conceptualizing urban shrinkage.” Environment and Planning A, Vol. 46, No. 7, pp. 1519-1534.
10.1068/a46269Haase, D., Haase, A., Kabisch, N., Kabisch, S., and Rink, D. (2012). “Actors and factors in land-use simulation: The challenge of urban shrinkage.” Environmental Modelling & Software, Vol. 35, pp. 92-103.
10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.02.012Hargel, G.C., Crowley, T.J., Allen, M., Hyde, W.T., Pollack, H.N., Smerdon, J., and Zorita, E. (2007). “Detection of human influence on a new 1500 yr climate reconstruction.” Jornal of Climate, Vol. 20, pp. 650-666.
10.1175/JCLI4011.1Havens, A.V. (1954). “Drought and agriculture.” Weatherwise, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 51-68.
10.1080/00431672.1954.9930320Hilbert, M. (2016). “Big data for development: A review of promises and challenges.” Development Policy Review, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 135-174.
10.1111/dpr.12142Horton, G., Hanna, L., and Kelly, B. (2010). “Drought, drying and climate change: emerging health issues for ageing Australians in rural areas.” Australasian Journal on Ageing, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 2-7.
10.1111/j.1741-6612.2010.00424.xJeong, Y.W., and Lee, S.S. (2009). “A study on the actual condition of local small and medium-sized cities and regional development policies. Journal of The Korean Regional Development Association, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 29-50.
Joo, Y.M. (2018). Megacity Seoul: Urbanization and the development of modern South Korea. Routledge, London, UK.
10.4324/9781315278018Joubert, A., Murawski, M., and Bick, M. (2023). “Measuring the big data readiness of developing countries - index development and its application to Africa.” Information Systems Frontiers, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 327-350.
10.1007/s10796-021-10109-9Kamali, B., Abbaspour, K.C., Wehrli, B., and Yang, H. (2019). “A quantitative analysis of socio-economic determinants influencing crop drought vulnerability in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Sustainability, Vol. 11, No. 21, 6135.
10.3390/su11216135Kim, B.S., Kwon, H.H., and Kim, H.S. (2011). “Impact assessment of climate change on drought risk.” Journal of Wetlands Research, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 1-11.
10.17663/JWR.2011.13.1.001Kim, H. (2019). “Analysis of standard vocabulary use of the open government data: the case of the public data portal of Korea.” Quality & Quantity, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 1611-1622.
10.1007/s11135-018-0829-zKim, H., Park, J., Yoo, J., and Kim, T.W. (2015). “Assessment of drought hazard, vulnerability, and risk: A case study for administrative districts in South Korea.” Journal of Hydro- environment Research, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 28-35.
10.1016/j.jher.2013.07.003Kim, J.E., Kim, M., Yoo, J., Jung, S., and Kim, T.W. (2022). “Sensitivity analysis of drought impact factors using a structural equation model and bayesian networks.” KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 11-21.
Kim, M.G., Geun, Y.G., and Sung, J.G. (2014). Improvement directions for disaster-safety welfare of the vulnerable groups from natural disaster.“ Crisisonomy, Vol. 10, No. 9, pp. 113-135.
Kim, S.M., Kang, M.S., and Jang, M.W. (2018). “Assessment of agricultural drought vulnerability to climate change at a municipal level in South Korea.” Paddy and Water Environment, Vol. 16, pp. 699-714.
10.1007/s10333-018-0661-zKorea Information Society Development Institute (KISDI) (2014). A study on strategies for ICT industry development and convergence promotion. KISDI Publication No. 14-10, pp. 1-281.
Korea Rural Economic Institute (KREI) (2025). A study on the transition of rural policy in responsive to low birth rate and hyper-aging (Year 1 of 2). p. 27.
Korean Statistical Information Service (KOSIS) (2025). Republic of Korea, accessed 1 January 2025, <https://kosis.kr>.
Kuran, C.H.A., Morsut, C., Kruke, B.I., Krüger, M., Segnestam, L., Orru, K., Nævestad, T., Airola, M., Keränen, J., Gabel, F., Hansson, S., and Torpan, S. (2020). “Vulnerability and vulnerable groups from an intersectionality perspective. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, Vol. 50, 101826.
10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101826Kwon, S. (2006). “Population aging, medical expenditure and long- term care reform in Korea.” Social Security Research, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 1-22.
Kwon, T.H., Kwak, J.H., and Kim, K. (2015). “A study on the establishment of policies for the activation of a big data industry and prioritization of policies: Lessons from Korea.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 96, pp. 144-152.
10.1016/j.techfore.2015.03.017Lee, J., Lee, Y., Bae, Y., Lee, J., and Suh, K. (2012). “Development of indicators to evaluate the regional preparedness level for rural aging.” Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 69-78.
10.7851/ksrp.2012.18.4.069Lee, S.J., and Han, K.H. (2021). “A study on analysis and strategy according to the type of population decline: Focused on Jeollabukdo.” Journal of Regional Studies, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 21-47.
10.31324/JRS.2021.09.29.3.21Lee, Y., and Han, S. (2024). “Exploring urban housing disadvantages and economic struggles in Seoul, South Korea.” NPJ Urban Sustainability, Vol. 4, No. 1, 21.
10.1038/s42949-024-00158-9Li, Y., Ye, W., Wang, M., and Yan, X. (2009). “Climate change and drought: a risk assessment of crop-yield impacts.” Climate research, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 31-46.
10.3354/cr00797Liu, J., Fang, Y., Wang, G., Liu, B., and Wang, R. (2023). “The aging of farmers and its challenges for labor-intensive agriculture in China: A perspective on farmland transfer plans for farmers’ retirement.” Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 100, 103013.
10.1016/j.jrurstud.2023.103013Liu, S., Shi, H., and Sivakumar, B. (2020). “Socioeconomic drought under growing population and changing climate: A new index considering the resilience of a regional water resources system.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 125, No. 15, e2020JD033005.
10.1029/2020JD033005Loukas, A., Vasiliades, L., and Tzabiras, J. (2008). “Climate change effects on drought severity.” Advances in Geosciences, Vol. 17, pp. 23-29.
10.5194/adgeo-17-23-2008Luna, D.R., Mayan, J.C., García, M.J., Almerares, A.A., and Househ, M. (2014). “Challenges and potential solutions for big data implementations in developing countries.” Yearbook of Medical Informatics, Vol. 23, No. 01, pp. 36-41.
10.15265/IY-2014-001225123719PMC4287095Matlakala, F.K., Rantho, K.M., and Mapaling, C. (2024). “Vulnerability of elderly people during climate-induced disasters in sub-Saharan Africa: A scoping review.” Frontiers in Human Dynamics, Vol. 6, 1430667.
10.3389/fhumd.2024.1430667Mdungela, N.M., Bahta, Y.T., and Jordaan, A.J. (2017). “Indicators for economic vulnerability to drought in South Africa.” Development in Practice, Vol. 27, No. 8, pp. 1050-1063.
10.1080/09614524.2017.1361384Mihunov, V.V., and Lam, N.S. (2020). “Modeling the dynamics of drought resilience in South-Central United States using a Bayesian Network.” Applied Geography, Vol. 120, 102224.
10.1016/j.apgeog.2020.102224Ministry of Environment (ME) (2025). Republic of Korea, accessed 1 January 2025, <https://www.drought.go.kr>.
Ministry of the Interior and Safety (MOIS) (2013). Act on promotion of the provision and use of public data. accessed 1 January 2025, <https://goo.gl/4w1pVn>.
Ministry of the Interior and Safety (MOIS) (2025). Current status of administrative divisions, accessed 1 January 2025, <https://www.laiis.go.kr/lips/mlo/wco/wholeCountryList.do>.
Miyan, M.A. (2015). “Droughts in Asian least developed countries: Vulnerability and sustainability.” Weather and Climate Extremes, Vol. 7, pp. 8-23.
10.1016/j.wace.2014.06.003Mojaki, R.A., Marake, M.V., Easton-Calabria, E., Marunye, J.R., and Coughlan de Perez, E. (2024). “Socio-economic assessment of drought impacts in Lesotho: implications for early action.” International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 333-352.
10.1108/IJCCSM-12-2023-0150Mueller, V.A., and Osgood, D.E. (2009). “Long-term impacts of droughts on labour markets in developing countries: evidence from Brazil.” The Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 45, No. 10, pp. 1651-1662.
10.1080/00220380902935865Nasrollahi, M., Khosravi, H., Moghaddamnia, A., Malekian, A., and Shahid, S. (2018). “Assessment of drought risk index using drought hazard and vulnerability indices.” Arabian Journal of Geosciences, Vol. 11, pp. 1-12.
10.1007/s12517-018-3971-yNaumann, G., Cammalleri, C., Mentaschi, L., and Feyen, L. (2021). “Increased economic drought impacts in Europe with anthropogenic warming. Nature Climate Change, Vol. 11, No. 6, pp. 485-491.
10.1038/s41558-021-01044-3Naumann, G., Carrão, H., and Barbosa, P. (2018). “Indicators of social vulnerability to drought.” Drought: Science and policy, Edited by Iglesias, A., Assimacopoulos, D., Henny, A.J., and Lanen, V., John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, U.S., pp. 111-125.
10.1002/9781119017073.ch6Omolo, N., and Mafongoya, P.L. (2019). “Gender, social capital and adaptive capacity to climate variability: A case of pastoralists in arid and semi-arid regions in Kenya.” International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, Vol. 11, No. 5, pp. 744-758.
10.1108/IJCCSM-01-2018-0009Paul, B.K. (1995). “Farmers’ and Public Responses to the 1994-95 Drought in Bangladesh: A Case Study.” Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute. Vol. 76, pp. 1-52.
Riedmiller, M. (1994). “Advanced supervised learning in multi-layer perceptrons - from backpropagation to adaptive learning algorithms.” Computer Standards & Interfaces, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 265-278.
10.1016/0920-5489(94)90017-5Rigg, J., Phongsiri, M., Promphakping, B., Salamanca, A., and Sripun, M. (2020). “Who will tend the farm? Interrogating the ageing Asian farmer.” The Journal of Peasant Studies, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 306-325.
10.1080/03066150.2019.1572605Schwarz, K., Berland, A., and Herrmann, D.L. (2018). “Green, but not just? Rethinking environmental justice indicators in shrinking cities.” Sustainable Cities and Society, Vol. 41, pp. 816-821.
10.1016/j.scs.2018.06.026Serkendiz, H., and Tatli, H. (2023). “Assessment of multidimensional drought vulnerability using exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity components.” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 195, No. 10, 1154.
10.1007/s10661-023-11711-xShahpari, G., Sadeghi, H., Ashena, M., and García-León, D. (2022). “Drought effects on the Iranian economy: a computable general equilibrium approach.” Environment, Development and Sustainability, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 4110-4127.
10.1007/s10668-021-01607-6Shakya, N., and Yamaguchi, Y. (2007). “Drought monitoring using vegetation and LST indices in Nepal and northeastern India.” In Proceeding 28th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp. 203-204.
Shim, I., Kim, H., Hong, B., An, J., and Hwang, T. (2021). “Drought vulnerability assessment and cluster analysis of island areas taking Korean Island areas at eup (town) and myeon (subcounty) levels as study targets.” Water, Vol. 13, No. 24, 3657.
10.3390/w13243657Song, Y., Lee, H., Song, Y., and Park, M. (2021). “Development and application of estimation method for the scale of damage in domestic drought.” Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, Vol. 21, No. 6, pp. 275-284.
10.9798/KOSHAM.2021.21.6.275Sultana, T., Hegde, S., Warsi, T., Tahama, K., Rizvi, S.S., Mukherjee, S., Chemburkar, S., and Biswas, G. (2025). “Data analytics for drought vulnerability under climate change scenarios.” Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence for Earth Resource Management, Edited by Kumar, D., Tewary, T., and Shekhar, S., Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 137-156.
10.1016/B978-0-443-23595-5.00008-5Swain, S., Mishra, S.K., Pandey, A., and Kalura, P. (2022). “Inclusion of groundwater and socio-economic factors for assessing comprehensive drought vulnerability over Narmada River Basin, India: A geospatial approach.” Applied Water Science, Vol. 12, No. 2, 14.
10.1007/s13201-021-01529-8Thalheimer, L., Choquette-Levy, N., and Garip, F. (2022). “Compound impacts from droughts and structural vulnerability on human mobility.” IScience, Vol. 25, No. 12, pp. 1-17.
10.1016/j.isci.2022.10549136590461PMC9801241Tirivangasi, H.M., and Nyahunda, L. (2019). “Challenges faced by rural people in mitigating the effects of climate change in the Mazungunye communal lands, Zimbabwe.” Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 1-9.
10.4102/jamba.v11i1.59630863509PMC6407465Upadhyay, M., and Sherly, M.A. (2023). “Multivariate framework for integrated drought vulnerability assessment - An application to India.” International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, Vol. 85, 103515.
10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103515Vazirani, V.V. (2001). Approximation algorithms. Berlin: springerm, Berlin, Germany, Vol. 1, pp. 1-380.
Wagner, M., and Growe, A. (2021). “Research on small and medium- sized towns: Framing a new field of inquiry.” World, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 105-126.
10.3390/world2010008Wang, P., Asare, E., Pitzer, V.E., Dubrow, R., and Chen, K. (2022). “Associations between long-term drought and diarrhea among children under five in low-and middle-income countries.” Nature Communications, Vol. 13, No. 1, 3661.
10.1038/s41467-022-31291-735773263PMC9247069Wang, T., and Sun, F. (2023). “Integrated drought vulnerability and risk assessment for future scenarios: An indicator based analysis.” Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 900, 165591.
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165591Williams, J. (2002). “Public law protection of vulnerable adults: the debate continues, so does the abuse.” Journal of Social Work, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 293-316.
10.1177/146801730200200303Winsemius, H.C., Jongman, B., Veldkamp, T.I., Hallegatte, S., Bangalore, M., and Ward, P.J. (2018). “Disaster risk, climate change, and poverty: Assessing the global exposure of poor people to floods and droughts.” Environment and Development Economics, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 328-348.
10.1017/S1355770X17000444Wojtas, M., and Chen, K. (2020). “Feature importance ranking for deep learning.” Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol. 33, pp. 5105-5114.
Yang, X., Liao, X., Di, D., and Shi, W. (2023). “A review of drought disturbance on socioeconomic development.” Water, Vol. 15, No. 22, pp. 3912.
10.3390/w15223912Yi, M. (2019). “Exploring the quality of government open data: Comparison study of the UK, the USA and Korea.” The Electronic Library, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 35-48.
10.1108/EL-06-2018-0124Zagata, L., and Sutherland, L.A. (2015). “Deconstructing the ‘young farmer problem in Europe’: Towards a research agenda.” Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 38, pp. 39-51.
10.1016/j.jrurstud.2015.01.003Zhang, B., Salem, F.K.A., Hayes, M.J., and Tadesse, T. (2022). “Quantitative assessment of drought impacts Using XGBoost based on the drought impact reporter.” arXiv preprint arXiv:2211.02768.
Zhang, Q., Sun, P., Li, J., Xiao, M., and Singh, V.P. (2015). “Assessment of drought vulnerability of the Tarim River basin, Xinjiang, China.” Theoretical and Applied Climatology, Vol. 121, pp. 337-347.
10.1007/s00704-014-1234-8Zhang, Q., Yu, H., Sun, P., Singh, V.P., and Shi, P. (2019). “Multisource data based agricultural drought monitoring and agricultural loss in China.” Global and Planetary Change, Vol. 172, pp. 298-306.
10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.10.017- Publisher :KOREA WATER RESOURECES ASSOCIATION
- Publisher(Ko) :한국수자원학회
- Journal Title :Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
- Journal Title(Ko) :한국수자원학회 논문집
- Volume : 58
- No :8
- Pages :657-671
- Received Date : 2025-04-07
- Revised Date : 2025-06-17
- Accepted Date : 2025-06-18
- DOI :https://doi.org/10.3741/JKWRA.2025.58.8.657


Journal of Korea Water Resources Association









