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2026 Vol.59, Issue 8 Preview Page
Satellite-based natural runoff estimation considering inter-basin diversion in the Imjin River basin

위성 기반 임진강 유역의 유역변경 효과를 고려한 자연 유출량 분석

Joo-Hun Kima*
,
Yun-Seok Choib
김 주훈a*
,
최 윤석b
aResearch Fellow, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Goyang, Korea
bResearch Fellow, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Goyang, Korea
a한국건설기술연구원 연구위원
b한국건설기술연구원 연구위원
*Corresponding Author
31 August 2026. pp. 871-885
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Abstract

This study estimated natural runoff in the Imjin River basin using GSMaP satellite precipitation, GLDAS evapotranspiration (ET) data, and the Grid-based Rainfall-runoff Model (GRM), and quantitatively evaluated the impacts of inter-basin diversions on downstream flow regimes. The Imjin River is a representative transboundary river with most of its upstream basin located in North Korea, where hydrological observations are limited and runoff conditions are significantly influenced by dams and diversion systems. GSMaP precipitation data were bias-corrected using ground observations and applied as input to the GRM model, while GLDAS ET data were incorporated to simulate natural runoff during 2000-2024. In addition, inter-basin diversion volumes associated with the Hwanggang Dam, Wonsan Gunmin Hydropower Station (HPS), Wonsan Youth HPS, and the Mirubol Canal were estimated using satellite imagery and literature-based information. The estimated diversion volumes were then incorporated into the runoff analysis to quantify their hydrological impacts. The results showed that the mean annual precipitation ranged from 1,025 to 1,235 mm/ yr, while the mean annual runoff depth ranged from 558 to 797 mm/yr. Runoff coefficients varied between 0.452 and 0.669 across the sub-basins. Considering inter-basin diversions, the mean annual runoff volume decreased by approximately 29.6% in the Hwanggang Dam basin and 19.9% in the Philseunggyo basin. The diversion systems associated with the Yesong River hydropower scheme, East Sea hydropower facilities, and the Mirubol irrigation canal were identified as major contributors to downstream runoff reduction. This study presents an integrated framework for estimating natural runoff and quantifying the impacts of inter-basin diversion in data-scarce transboundary river basins using satellite-based observations and distributed hydrological modeling. The proposed approach can serve as a valuable tool for understanding hydrological characteristics in North Korea and for supporting water resources management and decision-making in international transboundary river basins.

Keywords
Imjin River
Inter-basin diversion
GSMaP
GLDAS
GRM
Remote sensing

본 연구에서는 위성강수자료(GSMaP), 재분석 증발산자료(GLDAS) 및 분포형 수문모형(GRM)을 활용하여 임진강 유역의 자연유출량을 산정하고, 상류 북한지역에서 수행되고 있는 유역변경(inter-basin diversion)이 하류 유출에 미치는 영향을 정량적으로 평가하였다. 임진강 유역은 상류 대부분이 북한에 위치한 대표적인 미계측 공유하천으로서, 다수의 댐 및 유역변경 시설에 의해 자연 유출체계가 인위적으로 변화된 특성을 가진다. 본 연구에서는 GSMaP 위성강수자료를 지상관측자료를 이용하여 편이보정한 후 GRM 모형의 입력자료로 활용하였으며, GLDAS 기반 증발산자료를 적용하여 2000년부터 2024년까지의 자연유출량을 모의하였다. 또한 위성영상과 문헌자료를 활용하여 황강댐, 원산군민발전소, 원산청년발전소 및 미루벌 물길에 의한 유역변경 유량을 산정하고, 이를 자연유출량에 반영하여 유역변경 영향을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 임진강 유역의 연평균 강수량은 1,025~1,235 mm/yr, 연평균 유출심은 558~797 mm/yr로 나타났으며, 유출계수는 0.452~0.669 범위를 보였다. 유역변경을 고려한 결과 황강댐 유역의 연평균 총유출량은 약 29.6%, 필승교 유역은 약 19.9% 감소하는 것으로 분석되었다. 특히 예성강 계통 수력발전과 동해안 수력발전 계통, 미루벌 관개수로에 의한 유역변경은 임진강 하류 유출량 감소의 주요 원인으로 평가되었다. 본 연구는 관측자료 확보가 어려운 미계측 공유하천에서 위성자료와 수문모형을 통합적으로 활용하여 자연유출량을 평가하고 유역변경 영향을 정량화할 수 있는 방법론을 제시하였으며, 향후 북한지역 수문특성 분석 및 국제공유하천 수자원 관리의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

키워드
임진강
유역변경
GSMaP
GLDAS
GRM
위성원격탐사
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Information
  • Publisher :KOREA WATER RESOURECES ASSOCIATION
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국수자원학회
  • Journal Title :Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
  • Journal Title(Ko) :한국수자원학회 논문집
  • Volume : 59
  • No :8
  • Pages :871-885
  • Received Date : 2026-06-04
  • Revised Date : 2026-06-10
  • Accepted Date : 2026-06-12
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.3741/JKWRA.2026.59.8.871
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