All Issue

2026 Vol.59, Issue 9 Preview Page
Changes in phytoplankton communities and dominant genus succession patterns in Lake Uiam under climatic and aquatic environmental variability

기후 및 수환경 변화에 따른 의암호 식물플랑크톤 군집 구조와 우점속 천이 양상

Seonggyeoum Kima
,
Se yoon Jungb
,
Seungyun Leea
,
Hyejeong Choic
,
SangUg Kimd
,
Kyongoh Baeke
,
Eunmi Hongf*
김 성겸a
,
정 세윤b
,
이 승윤a
,
최 혜정c
,
김 상욱d
,
백 경오e
,
홍 은미f*
aMaster’s Course, Interdisciplinary Program in Earth Environmental System Science & Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
bPh.D Student, Interdisciplinary Program in Earth Environmental System Science & Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
cSenior Researcher, Environmental Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
dProfessor, Department of Civil Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
eProfessor, Department of Civil Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong, Korea
fAssociate Professor, Department of environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
a강원대학교 일반대학원 지오에코시스템융합학과 석사과정
b강원대학교 일반대학원 지오에코시스템융합학과 박사과정
c강원대학교 환경연구소 선임연구원
d강원대학교 토목공학과 교수
e한경국립대학교 건설환경공학부 교수
f강원대학교 농업생명과학대학 환경융합학부 부교수
*Corresponding Author
30 September 2026. pp. 1131-1143
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

Recent climate change has been accompanied by shifts in phytoplankton community structure and dominant-genera succession in temperate lakes. Artificial reservoirs often show strong spatial heterogeneity due to differences in inflowing tributary water quality and longitudinal gradients, requiring integrated spatiotemporal assessments of phytoplankton community dynamics. This study compared phytoplankton community data from Lake Uiam in 2014, 2015, and 2024, which had contrasting meteorological and hydrological conditions, to examine how climatic and water-environmental variations were associated with community structure and dominant-genera succession. Water quality analysis showed that Lake Uiam generally maintained mesotrophic conditions throughout the year, with eutrophic conditions occurring during summer and localized eutrophication at some sites. Total phytoplankton abundance in 2024 ranged from 2,172 to 26,116 cells/mL, with the maximum abundance increasing approximately threefold compared with 2014 and 1.8-fold compared with 2015. Dominant genera differed clearly among years. Diatoms continuously dominated in 2014, while in 2015, a temporary summer increase in cyanobacteria (51.0%) was followed by the recovery of diatoms in autumn, broadly corresponding to the typical succession pattern of temperate lakes. In contrast, 2024 showed a distinct sequence of community changes, including Dinobryon dominance in June, enhanced Microcystis dominance during summer, and persistent Phormidium occurrence in autumn, differing from previously reported patterns in the North Han River system. Co-occurrence network and PLS-PM analyses showed that the total effect of climatic factors was approximately 8-13 times greater than that of hydraulic residence time and nutrients, indicating that climatic factors were most strongly associated with community variation. These results suggest that, in mesotrophic to eutrophic waters such as Lake Uiam, climatic variability represented by prolonged high water temperature and intense rainfall may be more closely related to community restructuring and dominant-genera succession than nutrient concentration changes. Although this study is limited by the use of lake-wide mean hydraulic retention time and a relatively small sample size, the findings provide baseline information for climate-adaptive reservoir ecosystem management and algal bloom response strategies.

Keywords
Climate change
Eutrophication
Phytoplankton community
Dominant genus succession
Lake Uiam

최근 기후변화로 인해 온대성 호소에서 식물플랑크톤의 군집 구조와 우점속 교체 양상이 변화하고 있다. 특히 인공호는 유입하천 수질 특성과 종단 구배에 따른 공간적 이질성이 크기 때문에 식물플랑크톤 군집 변동을 시·공간적으로 통합 평가할 필요성이 있다. 본 연구는 의암호를 대상으로 기상·수문 조건이 대조적인 2014·2015년과 2024년의 식물플랑크톤 군집 자료를 비교·분석하여, 기후 및 수환경 요인 변동이 군집 구조와 우점속 교체 양상에 미친 영향을 평가하였다. 수질 분석 결과, 의암호는 연중 중영양 상태를 유지하면서 여름철에는 부영양 수준까지 상승하는 경향이 확인되었으며, 일부 정점에서 국지적 부영양화가 두드러졌다. 식물플랑크톤 총현존량은 2024년에 2,172~26,116 cells/mL 범위를 보였으며, 최대 현존량은 2014년 대비 약 3배, 2015년 대비 약 1.8배 증가하였다. 우점속 구성은 연도 간 뚜렷한 차이를 보였다. 2014년에는 규조류가 지속적으로 우점하였고, 2015년에는 하절기 남조류의 일시적 증가(51.0%) 이후 추계 규조류 회복이 나타나 온대 호수의 전형적인 군집 천이 패턴에 비교적 부합하였다. 반면 2024년에는 6월 Dinobryon 우점, 하절기 Microcystis 우점 강화, 추계 Phormidium의 지속 출현이 연속적으로 나타나 기존 북한강 수계에서 보고된 패턴과 구별되는 군집 변동 양상이 확인되었다. 공출현 네트워크 및 PLS-PM 분석 결과, 기후 요인의 총효과가 체류시간 및 영양염에 비해 약 8~13배 크게 나타나, 기후 요인이 군집 변동과 가장 강하게 연관된 요인임이 확인되었다. 이는 의암호와 같이 중영양~부영양 수준에 도달한 수역에서는 영양염 농도 변화보다 고수온 지속과 집중강우로 대표되는 기후 변동성이 군집 구조 재편 및 우점속 교체와 더 밀접하게 연관될 수 있음을 보여준다. 본 연구는 평균 체류시간 적용과 제한된 표본 수라는 한계를 가지나, 향후 기후변화 대응형 호소 생태계 관리 및 조류 대응 전략 수립을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

키워드
기후변화
부영양화
식물플랑크톤 군집
우점속 천이
의암호
References
1

Alvarez-Cobelas, M., Rojo, C., and Benavent-Corai, J. (2019). “Long-term phytoplankton dynamics in a complex temporal realm.” Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, No. 1, 15967.

10.1038/s41598-019-52333-z31685884PMC6828802
2

Baek, J.S., Yoon, S.J., Kim, H.N., Shin, Y.B., Youn, S.J., and Im, J.K. (2019). “Effects of environmental factors on phytoplankton succession and community structure in Lake Chuncheon, South Korea.” Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 71-80.

10.11614/KSL.2019.52.2.071
3

Ballen-Segura, M., Felip, M., and Catalan, J. (2017). “Some mixotrophic flagellate species selectively graze on archaea.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 83, No. 2, e02317-16.

10.1128/AEM.02317-1627815273PMC5203632
4

Cardoso, L.S., Fragoso, C.R., Jr., Siqueira, R., and Motta Marques, D. (2012). “Hydrodynamic control of plankton spatial and temporal heterogeneity in subtropical shallow lakes.” Hydrodynamics - Natural Water Bodies, InTech, Rijeka, Croatia, pp. 27-48.

10.5772/30669
5

Carpenter, S.R., Gahler, M.R., Kucharik, C.J., and Stanley, E.H. (2022). “Long-range dependence and extreme values of precipitation, phosphorus load, and cyanobacteria.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 119, No. 48, e2214343119.

10.1073/pnas.221434311936409916PMC9860325
6

Carr, M.E., Friedrichs, M.A.M., Schmeltz, M., Noguchi Aita, M., Antoine, D., Arrigo, K.R., Asanuma, I., Aumont, O., Barber, R., and Behrenfeld, M. et al. (2006). “A comparison of global estimates of marine primary production from ocean color.” Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, Vol. 53, No. 5-7, pp. 741-770.

10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.01.028
7

Cho, K.S. (1968). “A limnological study on three artificial reservoirs in the North Han River system. (I) On the environmental factors and the plankton in Paro lake, Chunchon lake and Uiam lake in spring season.” The Korean Journal of Limnology, Vol. 1, pp. 25-32.

8

Choe, S.H., Park, H.K., Park, J.H., Kim, S.H., Byeon, M.S., Shin, K.S., and Lim, Y.T. (2001). Water-environment of artificial lakes in Han River watershed. National Institute of Environmental Research, NIER No. 2001-44-636, p. 124.

9

Choi, J., Min, J.H., and Kim, D.W. (2015). “Three-dimensional algal dynamics modeling study in Lake Euiam based on limited monitoring data.” Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment, Vol. 31, pp. 181-195.

10.15681/KSWE.2015.31.2.181
10

Chung, H.S., Son, M.S., Ryu, H.S., Park, C.H., Lee, R., Cho, M.S., Lim, C.H., Park, J.H., and Kim, K.H. (2019). “Variation of cyanobacteria occurrence pattern and environmental factors in Lake Juam.” Korean Journal of Environmental Biology, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 640-651.

10.11626/KJEB.2019.37.4.640
11

Chung, J. (1993). Illustrations of freshwater algae of Korea. Academy Publishing Company.

12

Field, C.B., Behrenfeld, M.J., Randerson, J.T., and Falkowski, P. (1998). “Primary production of the biosphere: integrating terrestrial and oceanic components.” Science, Vol. 281, No. 5374, pp. 237-240.

10.1126/science.281.5374.237
13

Hair, J.F., Hult, G.T.M., Ringle, C.M., and Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). Sage Publications, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.

14

Han River Watershed Management Committee (HWMC) (2014). Survey on the environmental and ecological conditions of lakes in the Han River system. National Institute of Environmental Research.

15

Han River Watershed Management Committee (HWMC) (2015). Survey on the environmental and ecological conditions of lakes in the Han River system. National Institute of Environmental Research.

16

Heinze, A., Truesdale, C., Devaul Princiotta, S., Swinden, J., and Sanders, R. (2013). “Role of temperature in growth, feeding, and vertical distribution of the mixotrophic chrysophyte Dinobryon.” Aquatic Microbial Ecology, Vol. 71, pp. 155-163.

10.3354/ame01673
17

Hirose, H.M., Akiyama, T., Imahori, K., Kasaki, H., Kumana, S., Kobayasi, H., Takahashi, E., Tsumura, T., Hirano, M., and Yamagishi, T. (1977). Illustration of the Japanese freshwater algae. Uchidarokakuho Publishing Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.

18

Huisman, J., Codd, G.A., Paerl, H.W., Ibelings, B.W., Verspagen, J.M.H., and Visser, P.M. (2018). “Cyanobacterial Blooms.” Nature Reviews Microbiology, Vol. 16, No. 8, pp. 471-483.

10.1038/s41579-018-0040-1
19

Hulland, J. (1999). “Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: a review of four recent studies.” Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 20, pp. 195-204.

10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199902)20:2<195::AID-SMJ13>3.0.CO;2-7
20

Hutchins, D.A., and Tagliabue, A. (2024). “Feedbacks between phytoplankton and nutrient cycles in a warming ocean.” Nature Geoscience, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 495-502.

10.1038/s41561-024-01454-w
21

Hwang, S.J., Sim, Y.B., Choi, B.G., Kim, K., Park, C., Seo, W., and Shin, J.K. (2017). “Rainfall and hydrological comparative analysis of water quality variability in Euiam Reservoir, the North Han River, Korea.” Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 30-39.

10.11614/KSL.2017.50.1.029
22

Im, J.K., Sim, Y.B., Hwang, S.J., Byeon, M.S., and Kang, T.G. (2023). “Temporal and seasonal variations in a Phytoplankton community structure in artificial Lake Uiam, South Korea.” Water, Vol. 15, No. 23, 4118.

10.3390/w15234118
23

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2023). Climate change 2023: Synthesis report. Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the sixth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Geneva, Switzerland, p. 184.

24

Jeong, D.H., Cho, Y.S., Choi, I.C., Ahn, K.H., Chung, H.M., and Kwon, O.S. (2014). “A study on impact of public sewage treatment works affecting water qualities of the Lake Uiam in Chuncheon City.” Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment, Vol. 23, No. 5, pp. 406-416.

10.14249/eia.2014.23.5.406
25

Jun, H.W., Choi, J.W., and Ahn, K.G. (2012). “Spatio-temporal water quality variation at various stream of Han-river watershed and empirical models of serial impoundment reservoirs.” Korean Journal of Limnology, Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 378-391.

10.11614/KSL.2012.45.4.378
26

Kim, J.K., Shin, M., Jang, C., Jung, S., and Kim, B. (2007). “Comparison of oxidation characteristics among TOC, DOC, BOD and COD in Han River and lake water.” Journal of Korean Society on Water Quality, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 72-80.

27

Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) (2025). KMA weather data service, accessed 28 December 2025, <https://data.kma.go.kr/data/grnd/selectAsosRltmList.do?pgmNo=36>.

28

Kozak, A., Gołdyn, R., Dondajewska, R., Kowalczewska-Madura, K., and Holona, T. (2017). “Changes in phytoplankton and water quality during sustainable restoration of an Urban Lake used for recreation and water supply.” Water, Vol. 9, No. 9, 713.

10.3390/w9090713
29

Lee, S.J., Hur, I.R., Lim, B.C., Yi, G.H., Jeong, W.G., and Hur, B.N. (2016). “Long term monitoring for the control of cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Uiam.” Journal of Environmental Analysis, Health and Toxicology, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 109-118.

30

Louchart, A., Holland, M., McQuatters-Gollop, A., and Artigas, L.F. (2023). Changes in phytoplankton biomass and zooplankton abundance. Publication No. 942, OSPAR Commission, London, UK, pp. 3-5.

31

Luong, H.A., Rohlfs, A.M., Facey, J.A., Colville, A., and Mitrovic, S.M. (2024). “Long-term study of phytoplankton dynamics in a supply reservoir reveals signs of trophic state shift linked to changes in hydrodynamics associated with flow management and extreme events.” Water Research, Vol. 256, 121547.

10.1016/j.watres.2024.121547
32

McAllister, T.G., Wood, S.A., and Hawes, I. (2016). “The rise of toxic benthic Phormidium proliferations: A review of their taxonomy, distribution, toxin content and factors regulating prevalence and increased severity.” Harmful Algae, Vol. 55, pp. 282-294.

10.1016/j.hal.2016.04.002
33

Meng, Z., Chen, K., Hu, F., Liu, L., Yang, D., and Li, X. (2023). “Environmental and spatial factors play different roles in phytoplankton community assembly in different hydrological seasons in Lake Wuchang, China.” Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Vol. 11, 1154695.

10.3389/fevo.2023.1154695
34

Naselli-Flores, L., and Padisák, J. (2023). “Ecosystem services provided by marine and freshwater phytoplankton.” Hydrobiologia, Vol. 850, No. 12-13, pp. 2691-2706.

10.1007/s10750-022-04795-y35106010PMC8795964
35

National Institute of Environmental Resarcher (NIER) (2006). Development of a comprehensive evaluation of water environmental research (III). Ministry of Environment, pp. 247-329.

36

National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) (2013). The survey and evaluation of aquatic ecosystem health. Ministry of Environment, NIER-SP 2013-313, pp. 27-47.

37

National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) (2024). Standard methods for the examination of water pollution. NIER Notification No. 2024-72, ES 04852.1, Ministry of Environment.

38

National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER). (2004). Photographic atlas of phytoplankton in Paldang Lake. Han River Environment Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, pp. 7-37.

39

Paerl, H.W., and Huisman, J. (2008). “Climate: Blooms like it hot.” Science, Vol. 320, No. 5872, pp. 57-58.

10.1126/science.1155398
40

Paerl, H.W., and Paul, V.J. (2012). “Climate change: Links to global expansion of harmful cyanobacteria.” Water Research, Vol. 46, No. 5, pp. 1349-1363.

10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.002
41

Park, S., Lee, H.W., Lee, Y.S., and Park, S.S. (2013). “A hydrodynamic modeling study to analyze the water plume and mixing pattern of the Lake Euiam.” Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 488-498.

10.11614/KSL.2013.46.4.488
42

Qi, Q., Xiao, Q., Tian, C., Mi, W., and Bi, Y. (2024). “Precipitation determines the dynamic and network stability of phytoplankton communities in the Three Gorges Reservoir.” Ecological Indicators, Vol. 167, 112682.

10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112682
43

Reynolds, C.S. (2006). The ecology of phytoplankton. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.

44

Rodrigues, L., and da Motta-Marques, D. (2018). “Responses of the phytoplankton functional structure to the spatial and temporal heterogeneity in a large subtropical shallow lake.” Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, Vol. 30, e214.

10.1590/s2179-975x7217
45

Rose, K.C., Bierwagen, B., Bridgham, S.D., Carlisle, D.M., Hawkins, C.P., Poff, N.L., Read, J.S., Rohr, J.R., Saros, J.E., and Williamson, C.E. (2023). “Indicators of the effects of climate change on freshwater ecosystems.” Climatic Change, Vol. 176, No. 3, 23.

10.1007/s10584-022-03457-139022649PMC11254324
46

Schindler, D.W. (1977). “Evolution of phosphorus limitation in lakes.” Science, Vol. 195, No. 4275, pp. 260-262.

10.1126/science.195.4275.260
47

Smith, V.H., Tilman, G.D., and Nekola, J.C. (1999). “Eutrophication: Impacts of excess nutrient inputs on freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems.” Environmental Pollution, Vol. 100, No. 1-3, pp. 179-196.

10.1016/S0269-7491(99)00091-3
48

Son, H.J., Jung, E.Y., Kim, G.E., Jang, S.H., and An, B.R. (2024). “The long-term variations of phytoplankton biomass in the lower Nakdong River: 2000~2021.” Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers, Vol. 46 No. 11, pp. 687-694.

10.4491/KSEE.2024.46.11.687
49

Trombetta, T., Vidussi, F., Roques, C., Mas, S., Scotti, M., and Mostajir, B. (2021). “Co-occurrence networks reveal the central role of temperature in structuring the plankton community of the Thau Lagoon.” Scientific Reports, Vol. 11, 17675.

10.1038/s41598-021-97173-y34480057PMC8417261
50

Vuorio, K., Järvinen, M., and Kotamäki, N. (2020). “Phosphorus thresholds for bloom-forming cyanobacterial taxa in Boreal Lakes.” Hydrobiologia, Vol. 847, No. 1, pp. 4389-4400.

10.1007/s10750-019-04161-5
51

Water Resources Management Information System (WAMIS) (2026). Korea, accessed 27 February 2026, <http://www.wamis.go.kr>.

52

Wehr, J., Sheath, R., and Kociolek, P. (2015). Freshwater algae of North America: Ecology and classification. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, U.S.

53

Wood, S.A., Kelly, L.T., Bouma-Gregson, K., Humbert, J.F., Laughinghouse IV, H.D., Lazorchak, J., McAllister, T.G., McQueen, A., Pokrzywinski, K. and Puddick, J., et al. (2020). “Toxic benthic freshwater cyanobacterial proliferations: challenges and solutions for enhancing knowledge and improving monitoring and mitigation.” Freshwater Biology, Vol. 65, No. 10, pp. 1824-1842.

10.1111/fwb.1353234970014PMC8715960
54

Xu, G., Zhang, Y., Yang, T., Wu, H., Lorke, A., Pan, M., Xiao, B., and Wu, X. (2023). “Effect of light-mediated variations of colony morphology on the buoyancy regulation of Microcystis colonies.” Water Research, Vol. 235, 119839.

10.1016/j.watres.2023.119839
55

Youn, S.J., Im, J.K., Byeon, M.S., and Yu, S.J. (2019). “Characteristics of cyanobacteria and odorous compounds production in Lake Uiam and lower Gonji stream.” Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 99-104.

10.15681/KSWE.2019.35.2.99
56

Znachor, P., Nedoma, J., Hejzlar, J., Seďa, J., Komárková, J., Kolář, V., Mrkvička, T., and Boukal, D.S. (2020). “Changing environmental conditions underpin long-term patterns of phytoplankton in a freshwater reservoir.” The Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 710, 135626.

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135626
Information
  • Publisher :KOREA WATER RESOURECES ASSOCIATION
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국수자원학회
  • Journal Title :Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
  • Journal Title(Ko) :한국수자원학회 논문집
  • Volume : 59
  • No :9
  • Pages :1131-1143
  • Received Date : 2026-03-11
  • Revised Date : 2026-07-11
  • Accepted Date : 2026-07-13
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.3741/JKWRA.2026.59.9.1131
Journal Informaiton Journal of Korea Water Resources Association Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
Online Submission
Archives
  • scopus
  • KCI-수자원
  • NRF
  • KOFST
  • KISTI Current Status
  • KISTI Cited-by
  • crosscheck
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close