Verification of precipitation enhancement by weather modification experiments using radar data

Yonghun Ro; Joo-Wan Cha; Sanghee Chae

doi:10.3741/JKWRA.2020.53.11.999

All Issue

2020 Vol.53, Issue 11 Preview Page Next Page

Research Article

Verification of precipitation enhancement by weather modification experiments using radar data 레이더 자료를 이용한 기상조절 실험에 의한 강수 증가 검증 연구

30 November 2020. pp. 999-1013

PDF XML

Abstract

Weather modification research has been actively performed worldwide, but a technology that can more quantitatively prove the research effects are needed. In this study, the seeding effect, the efficiency of precipitation enhancement in weather modification experiment, was verified using the radar data. Also, the effects of seeding material on hydrometeor change was analyzed. For this, radar data, weather conditions, and numerical simulation data for diffusion were applied. First, a method to analyze the seeding effect in three steps was proposed: before seeding, during seeding, and after seeding. The proposed method was applied to three cases of weather modification experiments conducted in Gangwon-do and the West Sea regions. As a result, when there is no natural precipitation, the radar reflectivity detected in the area where precipitation change is expected was determined as the seeding effect. When natural precipitation occurs, the seeding effect was determined by excluding the effect of natural precipitation from the maximum reflectivity detected. For the application results, it was found that the precipitation intensity increased by 0.1 mm/h through the seeding effect. In addition, it was confirmed that ice crystals, supercooled water droplets, and mixed-phase precipitation were distributed in the seeding cloud. The results of these weather modification research can be used to secure water resources as well as for future study of cloud physics.

Keywords

Weather modification

Seeding effect

Precipitation

Radar data

Hydrometeor

전세계적으로 기상조절 연구가 활발히 수행되어져 왔으나 연구 효과를 보다 정량적으로 검증할 수 있는 기술이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 기상조절 실험에 대한 강수 증가 효율인 시딩효과(seeding effect)를 레이더 자료를 이용하여 검증하였다. 또한, 시딩물질이 대기수상체 변화에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 이를 위해 레이더 자료, 기상조건, 확산 수치모의 자료가 사용되었다. 먼저, 시딩전, 시딩중, 시딩후의 세 단계로 시딩효과를 분석할 수 있는 방법을 제안하였다. 제안한 방법을 강원도와 서해 지역을 대상으로 수행된 세 개의 기상조절 실험 사례에 적용하였다. 그 결과, 자연강수가 없을 때는 강수 변화가 예측된 구역에서 감지된 레이더 반사도가 시딩효과로 판단되었다. 자연강수가 발생하면 관측된 최대 반사도에서 자연강수의 영향을 제외하여 시딩효과를 결정하였다. 적용사례에 대해 시딩효과로 강수강도가 0.1 mm/h 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 아울러 시딩 구름에 빙정이나 과냉각 수적, 혼합상의 수상체가 분포한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 기상조절 연구 결과는 수자원 확보와 구름 물리 연구에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

키워드

기상조절

시딩효과

강수

레이더 자료

대기수상체

References

Asumadu-Sarkodie, S., Rufangura, P., Jayaweera, M.P.C., and Owusu, P.A. (2015). "Situational analysis of flood and drought in Rwanda." International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, IJSER, Vol. 6, No. 8, pp. 960-970. 10.14299/ijser.2015.08.013

Breed, D., Rasmussen, R., Lawrence, B., Boe, B., Deshler, T., and Weeks, C. (2014). "Evaluating winter orographic cloud seeding: Design of the Wyoming Weather Modification Pilot Project (WWMPP)." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, AMS, Vol. 53, No. 2, pp. 282-299. 10.1175/JAMC-D-13-0128.1

Bruintjes, R.T. (1999). "A review of cloud seeding experiments the enhance precipitation and some new prospects." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, AMS, Vol. 80, No. 5, pp. 805-820. 10.1175/1520-0477(1999)080<0805:AROCSE>2.0.CO;2

Cha, J., Jung, W., Chae, S., Ko, A., Ro, Y., Chang, K., Seo, S., Ha, J., Park, D., Hwang, H., Kim, M., Kim, K., and Ku, J. (2019). "Analysis of results and techniques about precipitation enhancement by aircraft seeding in Korea." Atmosphere, KMS, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 481-499.

Chae, S., Chang, K., Seo, S., Jeong, J., Kim, B., Kim, C., Yum, S., and Kim, J. (2018). "Numerical simulation of airborne glaciogenic cloud seeding using the WRF model with the modified Morrison schme over the Pyeongchang region in the winter of 2016." Advances in Meteorology, Hindawi, Vol. 2018, No. 1, pp. 1-15. 10.1155/2018/8453460

Chu, X., Xue, L., Geerts, B., Rasmussen, R., and Breed, D. (2014). "A case study of radar observations and WRF LES simulations of the impact of ground-based glaciogenic seeding on orographic clouds and precipitation. Part I: Observations and model validations." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, AMS, Vol. 53, No. 10, pp. 2264-2286. 10.1175/JAMC-D-14-0017.1

De Silva, M.M.G.T., and Kawasaki, A. (2018). "Socioeconomic vulnerability to disaster risk: A case study of flood and drought impact in a rural Sri Lankan community." Ecological Economics, Elsevier, Vol. 152, pp. 131-140. 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.05.010

Duan, W., He, B., Nover, D., Fan, J., Yang, G., Chen, W, Meng, H., and Liu, C. (2016). "Floods and associated socioeconomic damages in China over the last century." Natural Hazards, Springer, Vol. 82, No. 1, pp. 401-413. 10.1007/s11069-016-2207-2

Geerts, B., Miao, Q., Yang, Y., Rasmunssen, R., and Breed, D. (2010). "An airborne profiling radar study of the impact of glaciogenic cloud seeding on snowfall from winter orographic clouds." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, AMS, Vol. 67, No. 10, pp. 3286-3302. 10.1175/2010JAS3496.1

Griffith, D.A., Solak, M.E., and Yorty, D.P. (2007). "A level II weather modification feasibility study for winter snowpack augmentation in the Salt river and Wyoming ranges in Wyoming." The Journal of Weather Modification, WMA, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 1-9.

Javanmard, S., BodaghJamali, J., and Noorian, A.M. (2007). "Preliminary results of site selection study for cloud seeding in order for precipitation enhancement in IR of Iran." The Journal of Weather Modification, WMA, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 87-95.

Kerr, R.A. (1982). "Cloud seeding: One success in 35 years." Science, AAAS, Vol. 217, No. 4559, pp. 519-521. 10.1126/science.217.4559.51917820526

Kim, J., and Yoo, C. (2014). "Use of a dual Kalman filter for real-time correction of mean field bias of radar rain rate." Journal of Hydrology, Springer, Vol. 519, pp. 2785-2796. 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.09.072

Klazura, G.E., and Todd, C.J. (1978). "A model of hygroscopic seeding in cumulus clouds." Journal of Applied Meteorology, AMS, Vol. 17, No. 12, pp. 1758-1768. 10.1175/1520-0450(1978)017<1758:AMOHSI>2.0.CO;2

Kraus, E.B., and Squires, P. (1947). "Experiments on the stimulation of clouds to produce rain." Nature, NR, Vol. 159, No. 4041, pp. 489-491. 10.1038/159489a0

Lafont, D., and Guillemet, B. (2004). "Subpixel fractional cloud cover and inhomogeneity effects on microwave beam-filling error." Atmospheric Research, Elsevier, Vol. 72, No. 1-4, pp. 149-168. 10.1016/j.atmosres.2004.03.013

Lee, C., Chang, K., Cha, J., Jung, J., Jeong, J., Yang, H., Seo, S., Bae, J., Kang, S., Choi, Y., Cho, H., and Choi, C. (2010). "Estimation for the economic benefit of weather modification enhancement and fog dissipation." Atmosphere, KMS, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 187-194.

Manton, M.J., and Warren, L. (2011). "A confirmatory snowfall enhancement project in the snowy mountains of Australia. Part II: Primary and associated analyses." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, AMS, Vol. 50, No. 7, pp. 1448-1458. 10.1175/2011JAMC2660.1

Murakami, M. (2011). "Japanese cloud seeding experiments for precipitation augmentation (JCSEPA) - New approaches and some results from wintertime and summertime weather modification programs." 10th WMO Scientific Conference on Weather Modification, WMO, Bali, Indonesia, Vol. 2.

National Institute of Meteorological Sciences (NIMS) (2019). "Development of application technology on atmospheric research aircraft (III)." NIMS, Vol. 1, pp. 2-42.

National Research Council (NRC) (2004). Critical issues in weather modification research. National Academies Press, U.S.

Orville, H.D., and Kopp, F.J. (1990). "A numerical simulation of the 22 July 1979 HIPLEX-1 case." Journal of Applied Meteorology, AMS, Vol. 29, No. 7, pp. 539-550. 10.1175/1520-0450(1990)029<0539:ANSOTJ>2.0.CO;2

Pokharel, B., Geerts, B., Jing, X., Friedrich, K., Aikins, J., Breed, D., Rasmussen, R., and Huggins, A. (2014). "The impact of ground-based glaciogenic seeding on clouds and precipitation over mountains: A multi-sensor case study of shallow precipitating orographic cumuli." Atmospheric Research, Elsevier, Vol. 147, pp. 62-182. 10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.05.014

Pokharel, B., Geerts, B., Jing, X., Friedrich, K., Ikeda, K., and Rasmussen, R. (2017). "A multi-sensor study of the impact of ground-based glaciogenic seeding on clouds and precipitation over mountains in Wyoming. Part II: Seeding impact analysis." Atmospheric Research, Elsevier, Vol. 183, pp. 42-57. 10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.08.018

Reinking, R.F., Matrosov, S.Y., and Bruintjes, R.T. (1996). "Hydrometer classification with elliptical polarization radar: Applications for glaciogenic cloud seeding." The Journal of Weather Modification, WMA, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 6-18.

Reynolds, D.W. (1989). "Design of a ground based snowpack enhancement program using liquid propane." Journal of Weather Modification, WMA, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 29-34.

Rosenfeld, D. (2007). "New insights to cloud seeding for enhancing precipitation and for hail suppression." The Journal of Weather Modification, WMA, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 61-69.

Schroeder, J.J., Kristovich, D.A., and Hjelmfelt, M.R. (2006). "Boundary layer and microphysical influences of natural cloud seeding on a lake-effect snowstorm." Monthly Weather Review, AMS, Vol. 134, No. 7, pp. 1842-1858. 10.1175/MWR3151.1

Seto, J., Tomine, K., Wakimizu, K., and Nishiyama, K. (2011). "Artificial cloud seeding using liquid carbon dioxide: Comparisons of experimental data and numerical analysis." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, AMS, Vol. 50, No. 7, pp. 1417-1431. 10.1175/2011JAMC2592.1

Simpson, J., and Wiggert, V. (1971). "1968 Florida cumulus seeding experiment: Numerical model results." Monthly Weather Review, AMS, Vol. 99, No. 2, pp. 87-118. 10.1175/1520-0493(1971)099<0087:FCSENM>2.3.CO;2

Tzivion, S., Reisin, T., and Levin, Z. (1994). "Numerical simulation of hygroscopic seeding in a convective cloud." Journal of Applied Meteorology, AMS, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 252-267. 10.1175/1520-0450(1994)033<0252:NSOHSI>2.0.CO;2

World Meteorological Organization (WMO) (1985). International organizing committee for the WMO solid precipitation measurement intercomparison. Swiss.

World Meteorological Organization (WMO) (1994). Sixth scientific conference on weather modification. Vol II. WMO Report, Paestum, Italy, Vol. 22, p. 596.

Xue, L., Hashimoto A., Murakami, M., Rasmussen, R., Tessendorf, S., Breed, D., Parkinson, S., Holbrook, P., and Blestrud, D. (2013). "AgI cloud seeding effects as seen in WRF simulations. Part I: Model description and idealized 2D sensitivity tests." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, AMS, Vol. 52, pp. 1433-1457. 10.1175/JAMC-D-12-0148.1

Yang, I.K. (1965). "A preliminary survey for the seeding experiment in Korea." 1965 International Conference on Cloud Physics, JMA, Tokyo and Sapporo, Japan.

Information

Publisher :KOREA WATER RESOURECES ASSOCIATION
Publisher(Ko) :한국수자원학회
Journal Title :Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
Journal Title(Ko) :한국수자원학회 논문집
Volume : 53
No :11
Pages :999-1013
Received Date : 2020-08-19
Revised Date : 2020-09-24
Accepted Date : 2020-09-24
DOI :https://doi.org/10.3741/JKWRA.2020.53.11.999

Journal of Korea Water Resources Association ISSN:2799-8746(Print) 2799-8754(Online) 한국수자원학회 논문집

All Issue