All Issue

2025 Vol.58, Issue 12 Preview Page

Research Article

Spatial distribution of reverse flow with three-dimensional in-situ hydraulic measurements at the Dumulmeori in Paldang Lake

3차원 현장 수리계측을 통한 팔당호 두물머리 합류부 역류 공간분포 분석

Yongmuk Kanga
,
Dongsu Kimb*
,
Suin Choic
,
Sehwi Parkd
,
Youngdo Kime
강 용묵a
,
김 동수b*
,
최 수인c
,
박 세휘d
,
김 영도e
aPh.D. Student, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin, Korea
bProfessor, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin, Korea
cPh.D. Student, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin, Korea
dEngineer, Water Resources Department, Yooshin Engineering, Seoul, Korea
eProfessor, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Myongjil University, Yongin, Korea
a단국대학교 토목환경공학과 박사과정
b단국대학교 토목환경공학과 교수
c국문소속
d(주)유신 수자원부 사원
e명지대학교 스마트인프라공학부 건설환경공학전공 교수
*Corresponding Author
31 December 2025. pp. 1395-1407
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

This study aimed to investigate seasonal reverse flow phenomena in the upstream confluence zone of Paldang Lake, a river-type reservoir. Five field surveys were conducted from 2023 to 2024, focusing on discharge, flow momentum of the North Han River and South Han River, as well as vertical profiles of temperature and electrical conductivity at the confluence. Results showed that reverse flow from the South Han River into the North Han occurred consistently across all cases, regardless of momentum dominance, with its spatial extent varying seasonally. In contrast, inflow from the North Han into the South Han was limited and primarily influenced by localized stagnant zones formed by channel curvature, rather than by dynamic reverse flow. Stratified reverse flows were particularly evident under combined conditions of discharge imbalance and thermal contrast, indicating the influence of density gradients. The findings provide a useful foundation for understanding hydraulic complexity and mass movement within compound river confluence systems.

Keywords
Paldang lake
Field measurement
Reverse flow
Water mixing

본 연구는 하천형 호소인 팔당호 상류 두물머리에서 발생하는 계절별 역류 현상을 정밀 분석하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 2023년부터 2024년까지 총 5회의 현장 계측을 수행하였으며, 북한강과 남한강의 유량 및 흐름 운동량, 합류부 단면의 수온과 전기전도도(EC) 분포를 바탕으로 역류의 발생 조건과 공간적 특성을 고찰하였다. 분석 결과, 남한강 수체가 북한강 방향으로 역류하는 현상은 흐름 운동량의 상대적 우세와 무관하게 모든 계측 사례에서 반복적으로 발생하였고, 계절 및 유속 조건에 따라 그 범위는 달라졌다. 반면, 북한강 수체의 남한강 방향 유입은 국지적 만곡지형에 따른 사수역 영향으로 제한적으로 나타났으며, 구조적인 역류보다는 정체 유역의 특성이 강조되었다. 특히 방류량 차이와 수온 차가 동시에 존재하는 조건에서는 밀도구배에 따른 성층적 역류 양상이 뚜렷하게 확인되었다. 본 연구 결과는 복합 합류부의 수리적 특성과 수체 거동을 이해하는 데 기초자료로 활용될 수 있다.

키워드
팔당호
현장 계측
역류
수체혼합
References
1

Bakken, T.H., King, T., and Alfredsen, K. (2016). “Simulation of river water temperatures during various hydro-peaking regimes.” Journal of Applied Water Engineering and Research, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 31-43.

10.1080/23249676.2016.1181578
2

Byeon, S.D., Noh, Y.J., Lim, K.J., Kim, J.G., Kim, D.J., and Hong, E.M. (2020). “Analysis of water quality fluctuations in upstream Namhan River watershed using long-term statistical analysis.” Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers, Vol. 62, No. 5, pp. 15-26.

3

Choi, H., Ryu, I., Park, M., Song, Y., Yu, S., and Kim, S. (2020). “Analysis of the water circulation structure in the Paldang Reservoir, South Korea.” Applied Sciences, Vol. 10, No. 19, 6822.

10.3390/app10196822
4

Choi, H.J., Cho, Y.C., Yu, S.J., Song, Y.S., and Lyu, I.G. (2019). “Analysis of water circulation characteristics through hydraulic and thermal investigation in Lake Paldang.” Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 12-21.

5

Choi, S., Kim, D., and Seo, I. (2024). “Stratified features in Paldang Lake considering induced density currents and seasonal thermal effect.” Journal of Korea Water Resources Association, Vol. 57, No. 2, pp. 99-110.

10.3741/JKWRA.2024.57.2.99
6

Choi, S., Kim, D., Kim, Y., and Lyu, S. (2023). “Hydraulic mixing characteristics at a large-scale confluence of Nakdong and Nam River.” Journal of Korea Water Resources Association, Vol. 56, No. 12, pp. 1015-1026.

10.3741/JKWRA.2023.56.S-1.1015
7

Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) (2025). Kriging (Spatial analyst) - ArcGIS pro documentation, accessed 1 October 2025, <https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/latest/tool-reference/spatial-analyst/kriging.htm>.

8

Kang, Y., Kim, D., Choi, S., and Kim Y. (2025). “Characterizing submerged meandering flow pattern in Paldang Lake considering flow conditions.” Journal of Korea Water Resources Association, Vol. 58, No. 5, pp. 411-423.

10.3741/JKWRA.2025.58.5.411
9

Kim, D. (2023). White paper of water resources. Gyeonggi Water Resources Headquarters, p.11.

10

Kim, D., Winkler, M., and Muste, M. (2015). “A GIS-based computational tool for multidimensional flow velocity by acoustic doppler current profilers.” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 622, No. 1, 012024

10.1088/1742-6596/622/1/012024
11

Kong, D. (2019). “Evaluating effect of density flow from upstream on vertical distribution of water quality at the Paldang reservoir.” Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment, Vol. 35, No. 6, pp. 557-556

12

Kong, D., Min, J., Byun, M., Park, H., and Chun, S. (2018). “Temporal and spatial characteristics of water quality in a river- reservoir (Paldang).” Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment, Vol. 34, No. 5, pp. 470-486.

13

Kwon, S., Seo, I., and Kim, D. (2024). “Effects of hydropeaking by an upstream dam on thermal mixing in a riverine lake.” Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 633, 130992.

10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.130992
14

Kwon, S., Seo, I.W., Park, I., and Kim, J.S. (2025). “Suspended material retention in riverine reservoirs: Role of hydropeaking, density currents, and settling velocity.” Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, Vol. 61, 102706.

10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.102706
15

Lee, E.J., and Keum, H.J. (2022). “Preliminary uncertainty analysis to build a data-driven prediction model for water quality in Paldang Dam.” Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 24-35.

10.17820/ERI.2022.9.1.024
16

Lee, Y.S., Jeon, M.S., and Kim, M.S. (2016). “A study on water quality improvement measures of small streams in the upper Bukhan River using pollution grading and typology analysis.” Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 281-290.

10.15681/KSWE.2016.32.3.281
17

Na, E.H., Ahn, G.H., and Park, S.S. (2002). “Modeling study on seasonal stratification and vertical temperature distribution in Lake Paldang.” Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers, Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 901-910.

18

Park, I., Seo, I. W., Cho, S.K., Kim, D., Park, S., and Kwon, S. (2024). “Analysis of microplastic behaviors in river-type lakes using a quasi-three-dimensional microplastic transport model.” Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 956, 177204.

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177204
19

Ryu, I.G., Lee, B.M., Cho, Y.C., Choi, H.J., Shin, D.S., Kim, S.H., and Yu, S.J. (2020). “Analysis of stratification and flow changes in Lake Paldang using high-frequency temperature data.” Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment, Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 392-404.

20

Son, J.Y., Han, H.J., Cho, Y.C., Kang, T., and Im, J.K. (2024). “Seasonal variations in the thermal stratification responses and water quality of Lake Paldang.” Water, Vol. 16, No. 21, 3057.

10.3390/w16213057
21

Yu, S.J., Ryu, I.G., Park, M.J., and Im, J.K. (2021). “Long-term relationship between air and water temperatures in Lake Paldang, South Korea.” Environmental Engineering Research, Vol. 26, No. 4, 200177

10.4491/eer.2020.177
22

Yuan, S., Zhu, Y., Tang, H., Xu, L., Li, K., Xiao, Y., and Gualtieri, C. (2022). “Planform evolution and hydrodynamics near the multi-channel confluence between the Yarlung Zangbo River and the delta of the Niyang River.” Geomorphology, Vol. 402, 108157.

10.1016/j.geomorph.2022.108157
Information
  • Publisher :KOREA WATER RESOURECES ASSOCIATION
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국수자원학회
  • Journal Title :Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
  • Journal Title(Ko) :한국수자원학회 논문집
  • Volume : 58
  • No :12
  • Pages :1395-1407
  • Received Date : 2025-10-10
  • Revised Date : 2025-11-24
  • Accepted Date : 2025-11-24
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.3741/JKWRA.2025.58.12.1395
Journal Informaiton Journal of Korea Water Resources Association Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
Online Submission
Archives
  • scopus
  • KCI-수자원
  • NRF
  • KOFST
  • KISTI Current Status
  • KISTI Cited-by
  • crosscheck
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close