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2025 Vol.58, Issue 11S-2 Preview Page

Research Article

3D Numerical simulation of bridge overtopping and pressure flows under variable upstream discharge

상류유량 변화에 대한 교량주변 월류 및 압력흐름 3차원 수치모의

Donghwan Janga
,
Yongjun Kwonb
,
Seung Ho Hongc
,
Hyung-Suk Kimd*
장 동환a
,
권 용준b
,
홍 승호c
,
김 형석d*
aMaster Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Korea
bPh.D. Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Korea
cProfessor, Department of Civil and Environmetal Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea
dAssociate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Korea
a국립군산대학교 토목환경공학부 석사과정
b국립군산대학교 토목환경공학부 박사과정
c한양대학교 건설환경공학과 교수
d국립군산대학교 토목공학과 부교수
*Corresponding Author
30 November 2025. pp. 1249-1260
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Abstract

A three-dimensional numerical model based on the RANS equations was developed to investigate the hydraulic characteristics of overtopping and pressure flow around bridge structures under extreme hydrologic conditions. The free surface was treated using the density function method, and turbulence closure was achieved with a nonlinear k-ε turbulence model. Numerical simulations revealed that, under overtopping conditions, the upstream velocity decreased due to the backwater effect, while the maximum flow velocity induced by overtopping reached approximately Uover,max/U0=2.0. For pressure flow, the maximum velocity ranged from Upressue,max/ U0=1.8-2.7. As the upstream discharge increased, the difference in water depth between the upstream and downstream became larger, leading to the development of strong shear layers and recirculation zones downstream of the bridge, accompanied by significant free-surface fluctuations. An increase in Δh caused both the mean velocity ratio (U/U0) and high turbulent kinetic energy zones (TKE/TKE0) to expand. For the submerged-orifice type of pressure flow, the maximum velocity was predicted as Upressue,max/U0=2.7. As the flow transitioned to overtopping, Δh/h0=0.15-0.48 resulted in an overtopping discharge ratio of 22%-37%. The results demonstrated that flow type transitions around bridges significantly alter shear and turbulence structures, which are closely related to local scour and hydraulic stability. This study provides three-dimensional insights into bridge hydraulics under extreme flow conditions and offers fundamental hydraulic data that can support future bridge design and maintenance for flood-safety assessment.

Keywords
3D Numerical model
Overtopping
Pressure flow
Non-linear k-ε

본 연구는 극한수문 사상 시 교량주변에서 발생하는 월류(overtoping) 및 압력흐름(Pressure flow)의 수리특성을 규명하기 위하여 RANS방정식 기반의 3차원 수치모형을 구축하였다. 자유수면 처리를 위하여 Density function기법을 난류모형으로는 비선형 k-ε모형을 적용하였다. 수치모의를 통하여 월류조건에서 상류영역에서는 배수효과로 인하여 유속이 감소하였지만 월류 흐름에 의한 최대유속은 Uover,max/U0≈2.0이 발생하였으며 압력흐름에 의한 최대유속은 Upressue,max/U0=1.8-2.7으로 나타났다. 상류유량이 증가할수록 상·하류 수심차가 커지면서 교량하류에서 월류흐름 낙하에 의해 강한 전단층과 재순환 영역이 형성되었고 자유수면 변동이 수반되었다. 상·하류 수심차가 증가할수록 평균유속(U/U0) 및 고 난류운동에너지(TKE/TKE0)영역은 확산되는 것으로 나타났다. 잠수형 오리피스 유형의 압력흐름에서는 Upressue,max/U0=2.7로 나타났으며 월류조건으로 전이되면서 Δh/h0=0.15-0.48에서 월류유량이 22%에서 37%로 나타났다. 본 연구는 극한 수문 조건하 교량의 수리 거동을 3차원적으로 규명하였으며, 향후 교량 설계 및 유지관리 시 수리안전성 평가의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

키워드
3D 수치모형
월류
압력 흐름
non-linear k-ε
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Information
  • Publisher :KOREA WATER RESOURECES ASSOCIATION
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국수자원학회
  • Journal Title :Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
  • Journal Title(Ko) :한국수자원학회 논문집
  • Volume : 58
  • No :11
  • Pages :1249-1260
  • Received Date : 2025-10-20
  • Revised Date : 2025-10-28
  • Accepted Date : 2025-10-28
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.3741/JKWRA.2025.58.S-2.1249
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